Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Escherichia coli Strains in Pork at Traditional Markets in Gianyar Regency: Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization

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Background: The microbiological safety of pork remains a critical public health concern, particularly in traditional retail markets where hygiene control and regulatory enforcement are limited. Escherichia coli indicates fecal contamination, causes foodborne illness, and harbors antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Aims: This study determined the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Escherichia coli in pork from Gianyar's traditional markets using phenotypic and molecular methods. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to June 2025 across ten traditional markets in seven sub-districts of Gianyar Regency. Nineteen fresh pork samples were collected aseptically and subjected to bacteriological analysis using Eosin Methylene Blue Agar, Gram staining, and IMViC biochemical testing. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method against ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and gentamicin. Molecular confirmation of E. coli was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the lacZ gene. Data were analyzed descriptively and statistically using one-way ANOVA. Results: E. coli was detected in 52.63% (10/19) of pork samples. Of these, 6 were genotypically confirmed. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed high resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline, with intermediate susceptibility suggesting emerging resistance. Lower resistance levels to chloramphenicol and gentamicin indicate retained efficacy. The presence of multidrug-resistant isolates highlights the potential for foodborne dissemination of AMR. Conclusion: In conclusion, pork sold in traditional markets in Gianyar Regency is frequently contaminated with E. coli, including strains exhibiting antimicrobial resistance.

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