Characterization of MIKC-Type MADS-box genes of European pear (Pyrus communis) and functional elucidation of PcAG10

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Floral architecture is governed by the MIKC-Type MADS-box genes that form a foundational genetic framework specifying the development of sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. However, the function of these genes in pear (Pyrus spp.) is still unclear. Here, we identified 54 MIKC-type MADS-box genes from a genome-wide high-quality pear reference genome. These genes were clustered together with Arabidopsis homologs into 13 subclasses, including the ABCDE classes of floral organ genes. They contained highly conserved MADS-box and K-box domains, but a divergent C-terminal region. The C-class genes, especially PcAG10 were highly expressed in floral meristems, ovaries, and styles, indicating their crucial role in flowering and fruit development. PcAG10 was shown to be a nuclear-localized protein. Overexpression of PcAG10 in Arabidopsis promoted early flowering, reduced branching number, converted petals to stamens, and reduced silique length. These findings indicate that PcAG10 possesses C-class function and is likely involved in regulating flowering time and fruit development in pear.

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