Retinal Structural and Microvascular Findings on OCT and OCTA in Hemodialysis and Kidney Transplant Recipients and Their Association with Mineral Metabolism Parameters

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Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with systemic microvascular dysfunction, yet the relationship between retinal changes and mineral metabolism disturbances across CKD treatment modalities remains incompletely characterized. Methods: We performed a baseline cross-sectional analysis of 77 participants (29 hemodialysis [HD] patients, and 48 kidney transplant recipients [KTR]) who underwent 7 × 7 mm structural optical coherence tomography (OCT) and 6 × 6 mm OCT angiography (OCTA) imaging. Structural parameters included central macular thickness (CMT), ganglion cell layer plus inner plexiform layer (GCL+), ganglion cell complex (GCL++), and subfoveal choroidal thickness (SCT). Microvascular parameters included superficial and deep capillary plexus vessel density (SVPD, DVPD), choriocapillaris density (CCD), and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area. Serum mineral metabolism markers were correlated with retinal findings. Eyes were analyzed separately as the primary approach, while generalized estimating equation (GEE) models adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, diabetes, and hypertension (HTN) were used for confirmation. Results: FAZ area, SVPD, DVPD, CCD, GCL+, GCL++, and CMT did not differ significantly between cohorts in either per-eye analyses or adjusted GEE models. SCT was lower in HD patients than in KTR in the right eye (p = 0.019) and remained significantly higher in KTR in the adjusted GEE models (p = 0.016), a difference that persisted after excluding participants with diabetes and after adjustment for HTN grade. HTN grade was associated with FAZ area in HD and SCT in KTR. Serum magnesium was inversely associated with FAZ area in HD (B = −95.27, p = 0.034) and positively associated with GCL+ in KTR (B = 10.55, p = 0.048). Conclusions: Retinal microvascular and inner-retinal structural parameters were largely comparable between HD patients and KTR, with SCT the only parameter showing a consistent between-cohort difference (higher in KTR). Serum magnesium and HTN grade were the metabolic and clinical variables most consistently associated with retinal measures.

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