Hidden burden of anaemia- maternal and fetal outcomes in anaemia complicating pregnancy: A prospective observational study

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Background: Anaemia in pregnancy remains a major public health concern in developing countries and contributes significantly to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Despite national nutritional programs, anaemia continues to affect pregnancy outcomes adversely, particularly in low-resource settings. Aim: To evaluate the maternal and fetal outcomes associated with anaemia complicating pregnancy. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sree Mookambika Institute of Medical Science over a period of 18 months. A total of 110 pregnant women diagnosed with anaemia were enrolled using consecutive sampling. Anaemia was classified according to World Health Organization criteria based on hemoglobin levels. Detailed demographic, clinical, and obstetric data were collected using a structured proforma. Participants were followed until delivery and postpartum period to assess maternal and fetal outcomes. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version26. Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis, and p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Among the 110 study participants, moderate anaemia was the most common type (50.9%), followed by mild (38.2%) and severe anaemia (10.9%). The common maternal complications observed were preterm labour (25.5%), blood transfusion requirement (21.8%), and pregnancy-induced hypertension (16.4%). Caesarean section was performed in 38.2% of cases. Low birth weight (32.7%) was the most frequent fetal outcome, followed by preterm birth (23.6%) and NICU admission (20%). A statistically significant association was observed between severity of anaemia and low birth weight (p=0.003). Conclusion: Anaemia during pregnancy is associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Early diagnosis, regular antenatal screening, nutritional supplementation, and timely management are essential to reduce complications and improve fetomatermal outcomes.

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