Wiebesia pumilae GBMIN

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Wiebesia pumilae (Hill, 1967) Figure 8A–H Blastophaga pumilae Hill, 1967: 27. Holotype, ♀. Type depository: NHMUK. Type locality: China (Hong Kong). Wiebesia pumilae; Wiebes, 1993: 107. Change of combination. Diagnosis. FEMALE (Fig. 8A). Body length 1.82 mm. Body dark except as follows: antenna dark brown; femora dark brown to dark; tibiae and tarsi yellowish brown. Head 0.9× as wide as long; antenna (Fig. 8B) with funicular segments at most 1.7× as long as wide. Mesosoma (Fig. 8C) with sparse setae on pronotum; propodeum with long setae on posterior two-thirds. MALE (Fig. 8E). Body length 0.93 mm. Body color varying from yellow-orange to yellow. Head (Fig. 8G) with piliferous punctures on anterior half; antennal groove half-length of head. Pronotum (Fig. 8F) with a weak longitudinal suture medially. Profemur 1.5 × as high as length of metafemur. Metafemur (Fig. 8H) as long as metatibia. Metatibia (Fig. 8H) with tooth-like process; with thick spines subapically. Distribution. South Korea (new record), China, Japan, Taiwan. Host plant. Moraceae. Ficus thunbergii (= F. sarmentosa var. thunbergii) (new record), Ficus pumila, Ficus pumila var. awkeotsang. Material examined. South Korea: 300♀, 140♂, Jeju-do, Seogwipo-si, Andeok-myeon, Sagye-ri, 3578, 33°14'59.72"N, 126°18'51.89"E, 21.vii.2022, Moo-Sung Kim (by rearing from F. thunbergii (= F. sarmentosa var. thunbergii), in KNA) Remarks. Previous molecular studies demonstrated that Wiebesia pumilae sensu lato comprises several deeply divergent mitochondrial lineages associated with Ficus pumila in China and Taiwan, including three principal clades (A–C) and an additional Japanese lineage (Chen et al. 2012; Chen et al. 2014; Wang et al. 2013). The Korean specimens examined here form a distinct lineage clearly separated from all previously recognized groups, with genetic divergence values of approximately 10%, comparable to those observed among the known lineages. This suggests that the Korean population represents an additional lineage within the W. pumilae complex. However, because nuclear mitochondrial pseudogenes have been reported in this complex (Chen et al. 2014), formal taxonomic conclusions should await integrative analyses combining mitochondrial, nuclear, and morphological data. The presence of multiple deeply divergent lineages associated with Ficus pumila across East Asia is consistent with earlier interpretations that historical geographic isolation and Quaternary climatic fluctuations played an important role in shaping genetic structure within W. pumilae s.l. (Chen et al. 2012; Wang et al. 2013). The distinct position of the Korean lineage further highlights the need for a comprehensive taxonomic reassessment of this species complex integrating molecular, morphological, and geographic data. The host plant of the Korean specimens, Ficus thunbergii, is not recognized as a valid species by the World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP) or Plants of the World Online (POWO), where it is treated as a synonym of F. sarmentosa var. thunbergii. However, recent phylogenomic analyses (Gardner et al. 2023) suggest that F. thunbergii is more closely related to F. pumila than to other members of the F. sarmentosa complex, which may explain its pollination by W. pumilae s.l. The taxonomic status of this Ficus taxon and its relationship with F. pumila warrant further investigation, and we follow the traditional Korean floristic treatment (NIBR 2024) pending a formal revision.

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