Additional file 1 of Ecological drift and host filtering jointly structure foliar endophytes during ecosystem development

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Supplementary Material 1: Fig. S1. Map showing the study area at four unreclaimed post-lignite mining sites near the city of Sokolov, Czech Republic: Location I (10 years since abandonment), Location II (20 years), Location III (30 years), and Location IV (54 years). Panels A–D show vegetation development at each site. Fig. S2. Relationships among environmental variables (host plant species, seasonal age, and successional gradient) and leaf tissue stoichiometry are visualized in a redundancy analysis (RDA) biplot. The four plant species include (Calamagrostis epigejos (Cala_epi), Picea abies (Pice_abi), Salix caprea (Sali_cap), and Tussilago farfara (Tuss_far)), across four successional stages (I, II, III, and IV), along a single growing season (Spring, Summer, and Autumn). Fig. S3. Total number and proportion (%) of bacterial genera shared among different host plant species [Calamagrostis epigejos (CE), Picea abies (PA), Salix caprea (SC), and Tussilago farfara (TF)] across the ecological succession gradient (Locations I, II, III, and IV) during a single growing season (spring, summer, and autumn). Fig. S4. Total number and proportion (%) of fungal genera shared among different host plant species [Calamagrostis epigejos (CE), Picea abies (PA), Salix caprea (SC), and Tussilago farfara (TF)] across the ecological succession gradient (Locations I, II, III, and IV) during the plant growth period (spring, summer, and autumn). Fig. S5. Diversity indices for foliar endophyte communities obtained from experimental sites differing in successional age (I, II, III, and IV), during a single growing season (spring, summer, and autumn). Bacterial (A) and fungal (B) richness (Chao1), and bacterial (C) and fungal (D) diversity (Shannon–Wiener) are shown. Values from the host plant species growing at the same location and sampled at the same time were pooled together for the analysis. Different letters indicate a significant difference in the indices for the same season along the successional stage. Fig. S6. Heatmap showing Kendall correlation coefficients for the bacterial (S6a, S6b, and S6c) and fungal (S6d, S6e, and S6f) taxa, and the foliar nutrient content (carbon, C; nitrogen, N; phosphorous, P), including molar ratios (carbon:nitrogen, C:N; carbon:phosphorus, C:P; and nitrogen:phosphorus, N:P) in the four studied host plants (Calamagrostis epigejos, Picea abies, Salix caprea, and Tussilago farfara, Figures S6a and S6d), at the four sampled sites (I, II, III, and IV—Figures S6b and S6e), at the three different sampling points (spring, summer, autumn, Figures S6c and S6f). The p values significant at the 0.001, 0.01, and 0.05 levels are represented by “***”, “**”, “*”respectively. Fig. S7. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) displaying significant indicator taxa colonizing the foliar endosphere of the four studied host plants (A), during the growing season (B), with the taxonomic classification at the genus level. Bar graphs represent the LDA score. Fig. S8. Zi-Pi plot, indicating the distribution of nodes based on their topological roles in cross-domain co-occurrence networks constructed for the microbiomes colonizing the four plant host species (Calamagrostis epigejos, Picea abies, Salix caprea, and Tussilago farfara), growing at different stages of ecological succession (I, II, III, and IV) during a single growing season (spring, summer, and autumn). Each symbol represents a genus—circles for bacteria and squares for fungi—and symbol size indicates relative abundance. Plant identity is represented by different colors. Nodes were categorized into four functional types based on their topological characteristics. Connectors: Nodes with high connectivity within two modules (Zi > 2.5 and Pi < 0.6). Module hubs: Nodes with high connectivity between two modules (Zi < 2.5 and Pi > 0.62). Network hubs: Nodes with high connectivity (Zi > 2.5 and Pi > 0.62). Peripherals: Nodes that do not exhibit high connectivity (Zi < 2.5 and Pi < 0.62) either within or between modules.

Ce résumé expose les affirmations des auteurs. BNTIC ne l’interprète pas comme une validation indépendante des résultats.