Advancing Dimethyl Carbonate (DMC): Synthesis strategies, challenges, mechanisms, and applications

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ABSTRACT As the conventional resources mainly fossil fuels are depleting, hence there is extensive ongoing research and technical strategy to find alternative fuel sources. These include green chemicals such as dimethyl ether, biodiesel, and other energy-based chemicals derived from biomass. Also, environmental concerns must be addressed using fuel additives due to the use of carbon-based fuels. The market for dimethyl carbonate (DMC), an eco-friendly (or "green") industrial chemical, is expected to increase from USD 1.96 billion in 2025 to USD 3.00 billion by 2030. Because of its great biodegradability, low toxicity, and adaptability as a fuel additive, solvent, and reagent, it is becoming increasingly valuable. DMC is one compound that can be produced through several routes that include phosgenation, transesterification, direct synthesis route from methanol and carbon dioxide, methanolysis of urea, oxidative carbonylation of methanol, and decarbonization of dimethyl oxalate. DMC, a versatile compound, can be used for various applications in different fields as it is a highly oxygenated compound containing 53% oxygen content. It can be used as a solvent, fuel additive in lithium-ion batteries, and precursor for value-added compounds. DMC being a biodegradable can be used in the methylation and carbonylation reactions and alternative to several toxic compounds such as phosgene. This study will review various applications of DMC in various fields and the recent studies reported in these fields. It will also present various value-added products from DMC and their process developments. The properties of DMC as a fuel additive will also be discussed. The paper also highlights the catalytic developments made to produce DMC in recent years.

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