FROM SYMPTOMS TO SYNDEMIC: THE COMPOUNDING BURDEN OF URBANIZATION ON CARDIOVASCULAR CRISES IN SHAHEED BENAZIRABAD

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Objective: We investigated the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and associated modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors among people living in Pakistan's Nawabshah District in this cross-sectional study. Methods:From April to December 2024, we used convenience random sampling in both urban and rural settings to choose 200 individuals having a verified diagnosis of CVD, comprising coronary heart disease, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), and atherosclerosis. Using standardized questionnaires, we collected demographic data, anthropometric measures (BMI), symptoms (such as dizziness, dyspnea, and chest discomfort), and lifestyle variables (diet, exercise, and smoking behaviors). Fasting blood glucose (diabetes defined as FBG ≥126 mg/dL), lipid profiles (dyslipidemia defined to be total cholesterol (TC) ≥200 mg/dL, LDL-C ≥130 mg/dL, HDL-C <40/50 mg/dL [M/F], triglycerides (TG) ≥150 mg/dL), and blood pressure (defined by the American Heart Association). We used SPSS v25.0 for statistical analysis. Results: Hypertension was the most common risk factor (91%), then followed by diabetes (71.5%), obesity (65%), dyslipidemia (68.5%), and advanced age (79%). At 41%, the smoking prevalence was lower. Dizziness (91.7%) and dyspnea (89.75%) were the most often reported symptoms. Atherosclerosis (83.0%) and ACS (83.5%) were also remarkably prevalent. Compared to their rural counterparts, urban dwellers had much higher systolic (150 vs. 140 mmHg, p=0.0088) and diastolic (90 vs. 83 mmHg, p=0.027) blood pressure. Gender did not significantly affect blood pressure or lipid profiles. Conclusion: Nawabshah's high rates of urban life exacerbate modifiable variables such diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, which are strongly associated with the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Targeted public health initiatives that address these health variables are desperately needed to reduce regional morbidity from CVD.

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