Genetic polymorphism of Dhofar Toad Firouzophrynus dhufarensis (Parker, 1931) (Amphibia: Bufonidae) across central Saudi Arabia

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This study investigated the genetic diversity of the Dhofar Toad Firouzophrynus dhufarensis in central Saudi Arabia, focusing on three populations: Al-Kharj, Al-Hariq, and Al-Aflaj. Using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers, the analysis revealed notable variation in genetic polymorphism among these regions based on 30 individuals (10 per population) selected for genetic analysis from a total of 60 sampled specimens. Al-Kharj demonstrated comparatively higher levels of genetic diversity than the other populations, as reflected by polymorphism rates and diversity indices. In contrast, Al-Hariq and Al-Aflaj exhibited reduced polymorphism, suggesting that isolation may have been caused by habitat fragmentation and limited gene flow. Dendrogram analysis based on Nei’s genetic distances indicated a closer relationship between Al-Hariq and Al-Aflaj, while Al-Kharj was more distinct. These findings underscore the conservation significance of Al-Kharj in maintaining amphibian genetic diversity in arid landscapes. Meanwhile, the genetic vulnerability of Al-Hariq and Al-Aflaj emphasizes the need of targeted habitat restoration and improved landscape connectivity. This research also demonstrates the utility of ISSR markers for preliminary genetic assessments in species lacking extensive genomic resources, reinforcing the need for broader geographic and genomic sampling. Future work should incorporate high-resolution markers and expand to populations in regions such as Oman to support transboundary conservation planning.

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