Assessment of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic potentials of Philodendron hederaceum leaf methanolic extract: an integrated in vitro, in vivo, and in silico approach with GC-MS/MS analysis

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Philodendron hederaceum (Jacq.) Schott, the philodendron with heart-shaped leaves, is native to the Caribbean and Central America and is frequently grown as a houseplant. The current study aimed to investigate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic potentials of the P. hederaceum leaf methanol extract (PHL-ME) and to quantitatively examine its phytochemical constituents. The anti-inflammatory potential was assessed using the HRBC membrane stabilizing assay, and in vitro antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH and ABTS scavenging assays. In vivo analgesic effects were examined in Swiss albino mice using acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin-induced paw licking, and the hot-plate test. GC-MS/MS analysis identified 68 potential bioactive compounds, 24 of which were selected based on PASS predictions and biological activities for further investigation via in silico molecular docking simulations. This approach helped correlate their interactions with the observed pharmacological properties. Furthermore, the ADME/T properties were assessed to determine their drug-likeness profiles. The extract showed strong anti-inflammatory effects, with an 85.16% protective effect in the HRBC membrane stabilizing assay and significant antioxidant activity, with IC50 values of 82.57 µg/mL in the DPPH and 46.20 µg/mL in the ABTS and DPPH assays, respectively. At 400 mg/kg, PHL-ME exhibited moderate analgesic activity (p < 0.01) in the acetic acid-induced writhing test and mild activity (p < 0.05) in both the formalin-induced licking test and the hot plate test. The molecular docking results showed that all selected compounds had favorable binding scores, ranging from − 5.0 to -9.8 kcal/mol. These findings indicate that PHL-ME has promising antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic potential, warranting further investigation to confirm its therapeutic effectiveness.

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