Evaluating Carotenoids Intake of Pregnant Women: A FFQ-Based Approach to Dietary Patterns
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BACKGROUND: Pregnancy is a vital period during which maternal nutrition profoundly influences both maternal health and fetal development. Carotenoids, predominantly found in fruits and vegetables, are bioactive compounds that enhance antioxidant defenses and facilitate vitamin A metabolism throughout pregnancy. However, assessing carotenoids intake presents challenges due to the lack of dietary assessment tools capable of quantifying individual carotenoids, coupled with limited data from populations in Eastern Europe. METHODS: A cross-sectional study involving 621 pregnant women in Romania was conducted to estimate dietary carotenoids intake and investigate associations with dietary patterns and overall diet quality. Dietary data were obtained using the EPIC Food Frequency Questionnaire (EPIC-FFQ), adapted for Romanian populations. A dedicated carotenoid estimation model was developed utilizing the USDA Carotenoid Database. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to identify dietary patterns, and diet quality was evaluated using the Diet Quality Index during Pregnancy (DQI-P). RESULTS: The findings revealed significant individual variability. The median intake was highest for β-carotene (2464 μg), and lycopene (1664 μg), followed by lutein and zeaxanthin (908 μg), α-carotene (615 μg), and β-cryptoxanthin (121 μg). The Vegetable-meal pattern exhibited the strongest positive correlation with carotenoids intake, whereas the Energy-dense pattern was primarily associated with vitamin E and tocopherols/tocotrienols, and the Mixed pattern with vitamins A and D. Higher DQI-P scores were consistently correlated with increased carotenoids consumption. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, maternal carotenoids intake during pregnancy was frequently insufficient and showed considerable variation among women. A diet rich in vegetables and higher overall diet quality were associated with elevated carotenoids intake levels. These findings enhance the understanding of dietary carotenoids intake among pregnant women in Eastern Europe.
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Le contrôle bibliographique ouvert
DOI retrouvé dans Crossref DOI retrouvé ; titre concordant.
- Titre Crossref
- Evaluating Carotenoids Intake of Pregnant Women: A FFQ-Based Approach to Dietary Patterns
- Date Crossref
- 19/06/2026
- Éditeur
- MDPI AG
- Type
- journal-article
Ce recoupement confirme des métadonnées liées au DOI. Il ne confirme ni la méthode ni les conclusions de l’étude, et il ne compte pas comme une seconde source scientifique indépendante.
Où se fait cette recherche
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Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy pays non établi dans la noticeUniversité ou école supérieure
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Universitatea Națională de Știință și Tehnologie Politehnica București pays non établi dans la noticeUniversité ou école supérieure
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Institutul Regional de Oncologie pays non établi dans la noticeÉtablissement de santé
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Faculty of Pharmacy pays non établi dans la noticeUniversité ou école supérieure
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Faculty of Medicine pays non établi dans la noticeUniversité ou école supérieure
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National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest Department of Computer Science and Information Technology pays non établi dans la noticeUniversité ou école supérieure
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Institute of Psychiatry “Socola” Iasi pays non établi dans la noticeStructure de recherche
Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Universitatea Națională de Știință și Tehnologie Politehnica București et Institutul Regional de Oncologie, avec 4 autres affiliations.
Une affiliation ne permet pas de déduire la nationalité d’un auteur.