Implementation of a Prospective Birth Cohort for Newborn Screening and Early Linkage to Comprehensive Sickle Cell Disease Care in a Low-Resource Setting

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In sub-Saharan Africa, where approximately 75% of newborns with sickle cell disease (SCD) are born, under-five mortality remains high, partly due to the absence of newborn screening (NBS) and delayed linkage to comprehensive care. We conducted a prospective, quasi-experimental study involving two sequential newborn screening cohorts at Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH), Kano, Nigeria (December 2022-December 2025), to evaluate the feasibility of integrating newborn screening (NBS) with early comprehensive SCD care and to identify barriers to enrollment before 3 months of age. Following an initial implementation period with suboptimal follow-up, a structured family-centered enrollment and communication strategy was introduced to improve early linkage to comprehensive care. During the pre-intervention period, 277 newborns were enrolled (33 with SCD and 244 without SCD [NSCD]), with early enrollment (≤3 months) occurring in 46.5% overall, higher among SCD than NSCD infants (72.8% vs. 43.0%). Delayed enrollment (>6 months) was more frequent among SCD infants. Following the implementation of family-centered communication strategies, 60 additional newborns were enrolled (16 SCD, 44 NSCD), and early enrollment increased to 91.7%. These findings demonstrate that low-cost, family-centered communication and tracking strategies can substantially improve early linkage to comprehensive SCD care following newborn screening in low-resource settings. Early enrollment is a critical step toward reducing morbidity and mortality among children with SCD in low-resource settings.

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