Fig. 4 in Predation risk for hoary marmots in Washington's North Cascades Mountains

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Fig. 4. Predicted, model-averaged, probability of use (A) and predicted "risk landscape" index value (B) for several predator species studied: Black Bear (Ursus americanus); Cougar (Puma concolor); Coyote (Canis latrans); and Pacific Marten (Martes caurina) during June–October of 2018 and 2019 in North Cascades National Park Complex, Washington, United States. Predator occurrence data were collected using 135 remote camera stations (black points) and analyzed with single-season, single-species occupancy models. Predator scat samples were collected along trails en route to Hoary Marmot colonies; animal remains identified using genetic metabarcoding. Risk landscape estimates were the product of model-averaged occupancy probability and the proportion the given predator species contributed to observed Hoary Marmot (Marmota caligata) consumption. Risk landscape index values served as explanatory variables in linear mixed modeling analyses of Hoary Marmot antipredator behavior.

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