PFA technology: Production, safety and wastewater deployment analysis
Rattachement africain : ca, ec, us, gb. Niveau de preuve : code pays fourni par la source.
Le résumé fourni par la source
Performic acid (PFA) is receiving increasing attention as a fast-acting disinfectant for municipal wastewater effluents and combined sewer overflows (CSOs), where short contact times and highly variable matrices constrain conventional treatment. However, its practical adoption is limited by intrinsic chemical instability, safety considerations, and dependence on point-of-use generation. This critical review integrates peer-reviewed literature and patent evidence to evaluate how PFA production and delivery architectures govern field deployability. We compare five technology families including on-site precursor blending, distillation and reactive separation, co-delivery formulations, microfluidic on-demand generation, and electrochemical synthesis using structured evidence base and readiness-aware scoring framework. Performance is interpreted through the lens of time-integrated residual exposure, reflecting rapid oxidant decay and matrix-dependent demand. Reported full-scale and pilot studies indicate that PFA can achieve rapid bacterial inactivation at low exposure values, and, in some cases, strong target-dependent viral inactivation, often with lower halogenated by-product formation than chlorination, but outcomes are highly sensitive to mixing, particulate shielding, and early-time oxidant consumption. Comparative analysis shows that on-site blending remains the only widely validated municipal-scale approach, while microreactors and reactive separation offer higher attainable strengths at the expense of scale-up and operational complexity, and electrochemical routes remain constrained by low titers and limited dynamic response. By linking disinfection performance to production logistics, safety, and control requirements, and environmental acceptability, this review provides an exposure-anchored framework for technology selection and identifies priority research needs for advancing PFA toward robust, scalable, and regulation-ready deployment in wastewater and CSO disinfection.
Ce résumé expose les affirmations des auteurs. BNTIC ne l’interprète pas comme une validation indépendante des résultats.
Le contrôle bibliographique ouvert
DOI retrouvé dans Crossref DOI retrouvé ; titre concordant.
- Titre Crossref
- PFA technology: Production, safety and wastewater deployment analysis
- Date Crossref
- 01/09/2026
- Éditeur
- Elsevier BV
- Type
- journal-article
Ce recoupement confirme des métadonnées liées au DOI. Il ne confirme ni la méthode ni les conclusions de l’étude, et il ne compte pas comme une seconde source scientifique indépendante.
Où se fait cette recherche
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Western University pays non établi dans la noticeUniversité ou école supérieure
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Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral pays non établi dans la noticeUniversité ou école supérieure
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Hazen and Sawyer (United States) pays non établi dans la noticeEntreprise
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Hampton Roads Sanitation District pays non établi dans la noticeInstitution
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East Sussex County Council pays non établi dans la noticeOrganisme public
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Brown and Caldwell (United States) pays non établi dans la noticeEntreprise
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Lambton College pays non établi dans la noticeUniversité ou école supérieure
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Great Lakes Water Authority pays non établi dans la noticeOrganisme public
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Creston Water Solutions pays non établi dans la noticeInstitution
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USP Technologies pays non établi dans la noticeInstitution
Western University, Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral et Hazen and Sawyer (United States), avec 7 autres affiliations.
Une affiliation ne permet pas de déduire la nationalité d’un auteur.