Photodynamic attributes of Cu x O-TiO 2 /graphene and their potential applications in skin conditions

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Abstract Nowadays, the uses for nanomaterials are continuously expanding; their applications have been found to have new and interesting uses in bio-oriented fields. Copper and graphene-containing composites are especially interesting for medical applications, both for therapeutic and toxicological reasons. Therefore, this work aims to investigate two new composites of titanium dioxide nanoparticles containing copper (I) and (II) oxides (2% w/w) and (reduced or unreduced) graphene oxide (10% w/w). Their cytotoxic effects and photodynamic attributes were investigated on healthy skin cells (HaCaT) and melanoma cells (A375) exposed to visible light (blue, green, or red), in the search for a promising candidate for red LED therapy. The physical-chemical characterization was performed by transmission/scanning electron microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, x-ray powder diffractometry, and UV–Vis spectrometry. MTT, LDH, and Griess assays were used to assess cytotoxicity, cell membrane damage, and NO induced cell stress. Our results demonstrate that the composite with reduced graphene oxide does not affect healthy cells but has an antitumoral effect when activated by red LED. In addition, it also protected healthy skin cells from the known deleterious effects of long exposure to blue light. The study was supplemented with the antimicrobial effect, and our findings indicate that these composites have biological activity against bacteria ( Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus ).

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