Implantation‐On‐Chip: An AI‐Based Platform for Monitoring the Embryo Trophoblast–Endometrial Stroma Cross Talk With Xenobiotics Interference

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Human embryo implantation is a complex and finely regulated process relying on dynamiccross talk between maternal and fetal tissues. Understanding these interactions is essential for identifying the underlying causes of implantation failure or abnormal placentation. However, traditional endpoint analyses often miss transient or subtle cellular behaviors critical to this process. To overcome these limitations, we present a novel AI‐integrated platform that enables continuous, in situ monitoring of early implantation events with high spatiotemporal resolution. Central to our approach is a cost‐effective, rapidly prototyped implantation‐on‐chip (IOC) device that mimics the maternal–fetal interface using a 3D culture of human endometrial stromal cells and a 2D layer of trophoblast cells. By integrating time‐lapse microscopy with advanced algorithms, our system allows automated tracking and quantification of trophoblast migration and invasion dynamics. To demonstrate the utility of this platform, we investigated the impact of nanoparticles (TiO 2 NPs and ZnONPs) on implantation‐like behavior and observed significant alterations in trophoblast migration and invasion rates. Gene‐expression analyses showed that nanoparticles modulate IL‐6, IL‐1β, and its receptor IL‐1R in stromal cells, enhancing pro‐inflammatory signaling and potentially affecting implantation‐like processes. Altogether, these findings highlight the potential of our IOC system as a tool for studying implantation mechanisms and evaluating external influences on early pregnancy.

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