Comparative virome analysis of lake and domestic wastewater revealed the unexpected presence of swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus and Ginkgo-associated viruses

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Introduction Viruses in water bodies pose potential threats to human health and ecological environments. Therefore, exploring viral diversity in human-associated lakes and domestic wastewater is crucial. Methods In this study, we performed comparative viromic analysis of lake and domestic wastewater samples collected from the same water system in Wenzhou, China. Results A total of 13,708,121 sequencing reads were classified into 30 viral families, including viruses associated with animals, plants, and algae. Alpha diversity analysis showed that the lake exhibited higher viral richness and evenness than domestic wastewater. Notably, two ginkgo-associated viruses potentially infecting arthropods were detected in the lake: Ginkgo biloba picorna-like virus and Ginkgo biloba dicistrovirus. These clustered evolutionarily with arthropod-infecting viruses, suggesting a potential capacity to infect insects. Furthermore, Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) sequences were detected in urban water environments and clustered with previously reported SADS-CoV strains. Evolutionarily, this SADS-CoV clade is closely related to the bat coronavirus HKU2, sharing the same Rhinacovirus . Discussion These findings expand our understanding of the aquatic ecosystem virome.

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