Diagnostic Yield of Cardiac CT to Detect Cardiac Thrombi in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke (AIS of HEARTS)

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BACKGROUND: Cardiac computed tomography (CT) acquired during the acute stroke imaging protocol is an emerging modality to detect cardiac thrombi. We determined its yield in patients with acute ischemic stroke. METHODS: We performed a 1-stage individual patient data meta-analysis of 4 prospective observational cohorts (AIS of HEARTS [Acute Ischemic Stroke of Heart-Related Embolic Sources Detected on Acute Cardiac CT Scans]), including patients with acute ischemic stroke who underwent ECG-gated or non-ECG-gated cardiac CT between May 2018 and June 2024. We excluded patients with transient ischemic attack or stroke mimics. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with a thrombus on cardiac CT. Secondary outcomes were additional scan time, radiation dose, comparison with echocardiography, and 90-day outcomes. We performed logistic regression analyses to compare 90-day outcomes between patients with and without thrombus, adjusting for age, sex, history of atrial fibrillation, ischemic heart disease, chronic heart failure, stroke or transient ischemic attack, anticoagulant use, prestroke modified Rankin Scale score, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, large vessel occlusions, and intravenous thrombolysis, as appropriate for each outcome. RESULTS: <0.001). Median additional scan time was 6 minutes (IQR, 5-7) for ECG-gated and 13 seconds (IQR, 12-61) for non-ECG-gated cardiac CT. Median additional radiation dose was 2.9 mSv (IQR, 1.6-4.1). Patients with thrombi had higher 90-day mortality (33% versus 15%, adjusted odds ratio, 1.6 [95% CI, 1.1-2.3]) and worse modified Rankin Scale scores (median modified Rankin Scale score 3 versus 2, adjusted odds ratio, 1.6 [95% CI, 1.2-2.0]), but similar recurrent stroke rates (5% versus 4%, adjusted odds ratio, 1.4 [95% CI, 0.7-2.5]). CONCLUSIONS: Implementing cardiac CT into the acute stroke imaging protocol is feasible, detects thrombi in ≈6% of patients, and has a higher yield than transthoracic echocardiography. Cardiac thrombi were associated with higher mortality, but not higher stroke recurrence. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT07165093.

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