Prevalence and Age-wise Pattern of Refractive Error Among School-Aged Children: A School-Based Screening Program

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Background:Refractive errors are among the most common causes of visual impairment in children and can significantly affect academic performance, social development, and quality of life if left uncorrected. With the increasing use of digital devices, reduced outdoor activity, and rising educational demands, the burden of refractive errors—particularly myopia— has shown a noticeable increase worldwide. Early detection and timely intervention through school-based screening programs are essential to prevent long-term visual complications and ensure optimal visual health among children. Objective:The present study aimed to determine the prevalence and age-wise pattern of refractive errors among schoolaged children and to evaluate the effectiveness of a school-based screening program in identifying visual problems at an early stage. Methods:A cross-sectional, school-based screening study was conducted among 300 children aged 6–18 years. Participants were selected from different schools to ensure adequate representation across three age groups: 6–10 years, 11–14 years, and 15–18 years. Visual acuity was assessed using Snellen’s chart, followed by objective and subjective refraction for children with reduced vision. Data were collected on age, gender, class, and type of refractive error. The refractive errors were categorized as myopia, hypermetropia, and astigmatism. Statistical analysis was performed using appropriate software, including descriptive statistics, cross-tabulation, Chi-square test for association, and ANOVA for comparison of mean refractive error across age groups. A 95% confidence interval was calculated for prevalence estimates. Results:Out of 300 children screened, refractive errors were identified in a significant proportion of participants. Myopia was the most prevalent refractive error (50%), followed by astigmatism (30%) and hypermetropia (20%). Age-wise analysis revealed a distinct pattern: younger children (6–10 years) showed a higher prevalence of hypermetropia, whereas older children (15–18 years) exhibited a higher prevalence of myopia. The 11–14 years age group demonstrated a transitional trend with increasing myopia. Statistical analysis showed a significant association between age group and type of refractive error (p < 0.001). ANOVA results further confirmed a significant difference in mean refractive error across age groups, indicating a progressive myopic shift with increasing age. The findings were consistent with existing national and international literature, highlighting the rising trend of myopia among school-aged children. Conclusion:The study concludes that refractive errors are highly prevalent among school children, with a clear age-related shift from hypermetropia in younger children to myopia in older age groups. School-based screening programs play a vital role in early detection and management of refractive errors. Regular vision screening, increased awareness, and timely corrective measures are essential to reduce the burden of avoidable visual impairment. The study emphasizes the need for integrating routine eye screening into school health programs and promoting preventive strategies such as outdoor activities and reduced screen time.

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