A systematic review of two decades of tick resistance to acaricides in Benin: ecological shifts, resistance mechanisms, and pathogen dynamics

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Abstract In Benin, ticks and the diseases they transmit remain a major constraint to cattle health. This systematic review, conducted according to PRISMA guidelines, synthesized twenty years of data (2003–2023) from 33 eligible studies identified in (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus) the search engine (Google Scholar) and national archives. The findings reveal a marked shift in tick diversity, characterized by the rapid expansion of Rhipicephalus microplus , whereas Amblyomma variegatum continues to persist across the entire country. Acaricide resistance is emerging as a critical threat, particularly to pyrethroids, which are characterized by high levels of phenotypic resistance and the detection of specific target-site mutations. The main pathogens detected remained Babesia, Theileria, and Anaplasma, alongside the notable emergence of Rickettsia spp, A. phagocytophilum and Bartonella spp. In response to this evolving epidemiological landscape, an urgent national strategy for integrated tick management is needed, combining molecular surveillance, rational acaricide use, and the development of alternative control options such as botanical extracts, which have shown promising results. These findings provide a critical evidence base to guide national surveillance programs and inform sustainable, integrated tick control strategies in Benin and across West Africa.

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