Comparative antidiabetic effects of Moringa oleifera and Solanum aethiopicum on insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis in rats: Significance of traditional medicines in managing non-communicable diseases

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Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is among the top ten leading causes of global morbidity and mortality. The International Diabetes Federation estimated that 589 million people were living with diabetes in 2024, reflecting a substantial increase over the past two decades. Medicinal plants such as Moringa oleifera and Solanum aethiopicum have been traditionally used for glycaemic control, yet comparative evidence on their antidiabetic effects remains limited. This study evaluated and compared the effects of Moringa oleifera and Solanum aethiopicum on insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism in rats. Methodology: A laboratory-controlled experimental study was conducted at the University of Zambia, Department of Physiological Sciences, following approval of the ethics committee. Male rats were assigned to treatment and control groups and administered low and high doses of Moringa oleifera (250 and 500 mg/kg) and Solanum aethiopicum (200 and 400 mg/kg). Fasting blood glucose (FBG) and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) measurements were used to assess glycaemic control. Data were entered into Microsoft Excel 2016 for organization and cleaning and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 25 and GraphPad Prism version 9.3. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s post hoc test was used to compare group means, with statistical significance set at P

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