Transformer-Based Hybrid Beamforming with Reconfigurable Pixel Antenna for HAPS Communications

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This paper proposes a Transformer-based hybrid beamforming framework for reconfigurable pixel antenna (RPA)-equipped massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) in high-altitude platform station (HAPS) communications. The proposed pattern reconfigurable hybrid beamforming network (PR-HBFNet) comprises two key components: 1) a pattern reconfigurable network that leverages a Transformer encoder to determine the radiation pattern for each antenna element, and 2) a hybrid beamforming network that employs model-driven residual learning to compute analog and digital precoders over SVD-based initializations. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed PR-HBFNet closely approaches the spectral efficiency of a greedy benchmark while significantly reducing computational complexity.