A One-Step Electrosynthesized POPD-ERGO Heterointerface Tailored by Response Surface Methodology for Ultra-Trace Ceftriaxone Monitoring

Le résumé fourni par la source

To address the urgent demand for ultra-trace monitoring of the antibiotic ceftriaxone (CTA) in clinical and environmental contexts, a highly sensitive and permselective POPD-ERGO heterointerface was successfully engineered. Rather than relying on traditional multi-step, toxic-chemical reductions, a completely green, simultaneous one-step potentiodynamic strategy was proposed. By this streamlined methodology, the highly conductive network of electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) and the anti-fouling matrix of poly( o -phenylenediamine) (POPD) were intimately integrated. Furthermore, to move beyond empirical trial-and-error practices, the fabrication parameters were strictly tailored utilizing a chemometric Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Under the mathematically optimized conditions, a limit of detection (LOD) (0.0031 μM) and a linear dynamic range (0.01–3.00 μM) were recorded. Notably, severe cross-interferences from co-existing biological molecules were effectively completely obstructed by the size-exclusion barrier of the ladder-type polymeric architecture. Finally, the practical reliability of the fabricated sensor was statistically validated in human urine matrices, wherein absolute quantitative agreement with a reference high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was confirmed ( p = 0.742). Ultimately, this research has successfully provided a robust, easily scalable, and cost-effective analytical tool for routine pharmacovigilance.

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