Antibacterial Bioactive Glass Micronanofiber–Based Wound Care Matrix for Enhanced Wound Healing Applications

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ABSTRACT An antibacterial silver‐containing bioactive glass (AgBG)‐loaded electrospun micronanofiber wound care matrix (ABGmnf) was developed for wound healing application. AgBG with composition (SiO 2 –CaO–B 2 O 3 –Ag 2 O [70 − x ] mol% SiO 2 , [30 − y ] mol% CaO, 1 < x < 5 mol% B 2 O 3 , and 0.001 < y < 0.1 mol% Ag 2 O) was synthesized via sol–gel route and systematically characterized. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the amorphous structure of the glass, while Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis verified the silicate–borate network formation. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (TG‐DSC) demonstrated controlled thermal behavior with defined mass‐loss stages. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) revealed nanoscale glass particles with homogeneous morphology. Nitrogen adsorption–desorption analysis showed a Barrett–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area of ∼78 m 2 /g and an average pore diameter of 8.9 nm, indicating a mesoporous architecture favorable for controlled ion release. The AgBG powder was incorporated into an FDA approved water‐soluble polymer and electrospun to fabricate a three‐dimensional micronanofiber matrix. The ABGmnf wound care matrix exhibited uniform fibers with an average diameter (444 ± 74 nm) interconnected porosity, closely mimicking the extracellular matrix (ECM) structure. In vitro cytocompatibility studies showed high cell viability (> 90%) and immunofluorescence staining confirmed enhanced cellular adhesion and proliferation. Scratch wound assay demonstrated significantly accelerated cell migration (82% ± 2%) compared to control (40% ± 3%) ( p < 0.05). Antibacterial evaluation against Gram‐positive ( Staphylococcus aureus ) and Gram‐negative ( Escherichia coli ) strains revealed zone of inhibition (ZOI) of 13.5 ± 1.5 mm and 19 ± 1.2 mm, respectively. In vivo wound healing studies using excisional wound model (wound size: 8mm 2 , n = 3/sex/group) demonstrated significantly enhanced wound closure percentage of 96.9% ± 1.5% in the ABGmnf wound care matrix‐treated group compared to Betadine‐treated (81.9% ± 2%) and control group (78% ± 1%) on 14th day ( p < 0.05). Histological analyses (hematoxylin and eosin [H&E]) showed no pathological abnormalities. Pharmacokinetic and biodistribution analysis revealed a controlled, time‐dependent Ca 2 + response. Treated animals showed moderate transient increases in tissue Ca 2 + , peaking at 72 h, with spleen (∼225 ppm) and skin (∼170 ppm) showing elevated levels relative to control. Lung tissue exhibited a temporary rise at 7th day (∼240 ppm), while liver, kidney, and heart showed no abnormal accumulation. Most organs demonstrated a trend toward physiological levels by Day 7, indicating regulated systemic handling without long‐term retention. The PK data confirm controlled ion release kinetics with transient systemic exposure and no evidence of long‐term ion overload, reinforcing the biocompatibility of the developed ABGmnf wound care matrix. All experiments were conducted in triplicate ( n = 3), and data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Collectively, the combination of mesoporous bioactive glass, antibacterial efficacy, ECM‐mimicking fibrous structure, and favorable pharmacokinetic and biodistribution behavior supports the potential of ABGmnf wound care matrix as an effective wound dressing platform.

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