Comprehensive Study of DC Microgrids Protection: Challenges, Cutting‐Edge Techniques, Machine‐Learning‐Driven Solutions

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ABSTRACT This paper provides a comprehensive examination of the evolving protection challenges within DC microgrids powered by renewable resources and energy storage systems. It begins by delineating the methodological framework of conventional protection, critically assessing schemes based on current, voltage, and impedance to expose their limitations in dynamic and high‐resistance fault scenarios. Then, explores cutting‐edge, data‐driven solutions, highlighting the transformative potential of machine learning and time‐frequency transform techniques for achieving superior fault detection, classification, and location through adaptive intelligence. By offering a detailed comparative analysis across key performance indicators, the paper illuminates the trade‐offs between speed, cost, selectivity, and reliability inherent in each approach. Besides, identifies persistent research gaps, including the need for standardized guidelines and secure communication networks. Ultimately, the analysis concludes that the path to resilient DC microgrids lies not in a single solution, but in the strategic development of hybrid protection strategies that synergistically combine the robustness of model‐based methods with the adaptive intelligence of data‐driven algorithms.

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