Comparative Quantitative and Semi-Quantitative Occupational Risk Assessment of BTEX Compounds and Heavy Metals in a Power Equipment Manufacturing Industry

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Introduction: Occupational exposure to volatile organic compounds (BTEX) and heavy metals in industrial settings poses significant health concerns. These substances may lead to toxic, carcinogenic, and hematobiochemical effects. This study aimed to assess the health risks associated with exposure to these pollutants in a power equipment manufacturing industry over a 10-year period and to compare the accuracy of quantitative (USEPA) and semi-quantitative (Singapore) risk assessment methods. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted across six occupational groups. Personal air sampling of BTEX and heavy metals was performed according to NIOSH protocols. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks were estimated using the USEPA method and the Singapore semi-quantitative approach. Additionally, hematological and biochemical indicators of exposed workers were analyzed. Results: Nickel had the highest cancer risk, and the highest hazard quotient (HQ) values were related to xylene, benzene, and nickel. While the semi-quantitative method classified most risks as negligible to low, the USEPA method identified several cases with definite health risks. Significant effects were observed on SGOT, SGPT, fasting blood sugar, creatinine, and blood pressure among exposed groups. Conclusion: The USEPA method demonstrated higher sensitivity and reliability in identifying occupational chemical hazards and should be prioritized in future assessments. Furthermore, the findings underscore the importance of preventive measures to reduce chronic exposure to BTEX and heavy metals in similar industrial settings

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