Alcohol‐Adduct Mediated Precursor Stabilization Strategies for Conformal SnO 2 Layers in Highly Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Modules

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ABSTRACT Perovskite solar modules (PSMs) attract significant attention for their superior optoelectronic properties, but significant cell‐to‐module (CTM) losses remain a critical issue to be addressed. Among the various factors, the primary reason for CTM losses is the incomplete, non‐conformal coverage of the electron transport layer (ETL) over large‐area, P1‐scribed transparent conductive oxide (TCO) substrates. In this work, we report an alcohol‐adduct mediated precursor stabilization strategy to achieve high‐quality, uniform SnO 2 layers via controlled hydrolysis reaction kinetics. We employ a tin isopropoxide isopropanol (TIPI) adduct, which effectively modulates the electrophilicity and stabilizes the Sn center atom, followed by a sequential deposition of SnO 2 nanoparticles. This double‐layer (DL) architecture exhibits superior optical properties, improved electron transport, and conformal coverage over large areas. As a result, PSMs fabricated with the TIPI (DL) SnO 2 ETL exhibit a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.6% (reverse/forward average), with a certified PCE of 19.7% (aperture area = 213 cm 2 ). In addition, the PSMs with TIPI (DL) SnO 2 ETL demonstrated a wide processing window, maintaining a PCE over 20% regardless of variations in concentration or deposition speed, highlighting potential for in‐line commercialization. Furthermore, the modules exhibited good long‐term stability under damp‐heat and in outdoor field tests.

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