A cosmic femtolensing Hawking radiation signature

Le résumé fourni par la source

We propose a novel formalism to detect signatures of Hawking radiation (HR) from primordial black holes (PBHs) in the mass range of $10^{-24}$ to $10^{-13}\,M_\odot$ using the femtolensing effect, within the framework of dark messengers. By adapting the micro- and pico- lensing frameworks for gamma-ray bursts, we model the femto-lensing of HR, characterized by a thermal spectrum in the eV--GeV range, by PBHs acting as gravitational lenses. We derive the magnification and temporal signatures of femtolensed HR, accounting for the small Einstein radii and short timescales inherent to femtolensing. The interplay between the lensed flux and spectral distortions offers a unique probe of PBH evaporation. We discuss observational strategies using current and future telescopes sensitivities which potentially can detect these signatures, and provide constraints on PBH populations and their contribution to dark matter. Furthermore, we connect the idea of femtolensing Hawking radiation to dark energy, through estimates of the cosmological distances, and energy densities of the universe. This can lead to a novel observational signature of dark energy, the evolution of the universe, through HR, and PBH, and potentially change our understanding about cosmology. We concentrate on the most promising femtolensing scenario: a non‑emitting BH lensing HR from a background PBH. Crucially, without lensing, the signal would be undetectable; our work therefore establishes gravitational femtolensing as the essential enabler for observing PBH Hawking radiation.

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