A histone 4 protein modulates plant growth through ROS signaling and cell proliferation regulation in Brassica rapa

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Chinese cabbage ( Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis ) is a key leafy vegetable crop across Asian. In recent years, premature bolting has been exacerbated by global climate change and off-season cultivation practices. Chinese cabbage ( Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis ) is a key leafy vegetable crop across Asia. Premature flowering frequently occurs under abiotic stresses, while parallel growth retardation significantly reduces plant yield. Here we showed that overexpression of BrHIS4.A04 significantly accelerated flowering, mediated by upregulation of FT1 and SOC1 alongside suppression of FLC homologs. This genetic reprogramming, however, increases drought susceptibility through concurrent downregulation of stress-responsive genes. Mechanistically, BrHIS4.A04 triggered ROS biosynthesis, while pharmacological inhibition of ROS delayed flowering specifically in overexpression lines. Notably, BrHIS4.A04 overexpression suppressed a key regulatory network governing cell proliferation, including downregulation of TCP14/TCP24, SDD1, and six other genes critical for cell cycle progression and meristem activity. This suppression led to reduced rosette diameter, plant height, and leaf number, culminating in a decrease in biomass. Collectively, our findings reveal a histone protein that integrates redox signaling and cell cycle regulation to orchestrate developmental transitions, offering insights for crop improvement strategies targeting flowering time and yield stability.

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