Numerical Analysis of the Impact of Reinforcement Stiffness on the Evolution of Maximum Tensile Load at Incipient Failure in MSE Walls

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Reinforcement stiffness (J) plays an important role in the performance of mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) walls. However, the impact of J on the maximum tensile load (Tmax) of reinforcements at incipient failure and its implications for design methods remain unclear. This study employs finite-element (FE) analysis to address this gap by investigating the relationship between J and Tmax for extensible and inextensible reinforcements while extending the simplified method (SM), which broadly accounts for stiffness by incorporating toe resistance. An FE model of an MSE wall was developed and validated against experimental data from the literature. The FE model was subsequently used to analyze the evolution of Tmax at incipient failure under varying stiffness values and perform a backanalysis of the coefficient of lateral earth pressure ratio (Kr/Ka), which is used to calculate Tmax in design. The results show that increasing J raises tensile loads and alters load transfer mechanisms, shifting the stress state from active to at-rest conditions. The study also highlights areas where the SM overpredicts or underpredicts Kr/Ka, indicating inconsistencies in current design practices. Based on extensive parametric studies, practical design charts incorporating toe resistance effects on Kr/Ka were developed, offering valuable tools for improved MSE wall design. These findings and the associated design charts contribute to advancing design methodologies, improving predictive accuracy, and enhancing engineering practices for MSE walls.