Prevalence of intestinal parasites and associated risk factors among inmates at correctional facilities in Central Zambia

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Background Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) such as soil-transmitted helminths remain a public health concern, especially in settings with inadequate sanitation. Vulnerable groups such as prisoners, face a heightened risk due to poor hygiene, overcrowding, and limited access to healthcare. Despite this, little is known about the prevalence and risk factors for IPIs among inmates in Zambian prisons. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of intestinal parasites in four correctional facilities in Kabwe, Central Province of Zambia. Methods This was a cross-sectional study conducted among 260 inmates across four correctional facilities in Kabwe, Zambia. Stool samples were collected and examined using direct mount and formol-ether concentration techniques. A structured questionnaire was used to assess demographic data and hygiene practices. Data were analysed using SPSS version 25.0. Chi-square or Fisher's exact tests were used to assess associations, while multivariate logistic regression identified predictors of infection. A p -value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The overall prevalence of intestinal parasite infestation was 28.9%. The most common parasites identified were Entamoeba coli (57.3%), Entamoeba histolytica (24.0%), Giardia lamblia (9.3%), hookworms (8.0%), and Ascaris lumbricoides (1.4%). Univariate analysis revealed significant associations between parasite infestation and soap use ( p < 0.0001) and prison classification ( p = 0.023). In the multivariate model, soap use remained significantly protective. Inmates who used soap were 84% less likely to have parasitic infestation compared to those who did not (AOR = 0.16, 95% CI: 0.07–0.40, p < 0.0001). Conclusion The study revealed a high burden of intestinal parasitic infestations among inmates, with limited hygiene practices, such as a lack of soap use, being a significant contributor. Interventions to improve access to soap and enhance hygiene education within correctional facilities are urgently needed to reduce the burden of parasitic infections.

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