Advances in pre-treatment methods for genetically modified components identification in edible oils: a review

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Abstract With the widespread application of genetically modified (GM) technology, the safety and traceability of derived edible oils from GM oilseed crops and their oil products have raised significant public concerns. However, the advancement of GM identification methods for oil products remains constrained by the absence of convenient and reliable extraction methods. This review first categorizes components that are commonly selected for GM identification into DNA, proteins, and fatty acids, and then critically evaluates the principles, advantages, and limitations of core methodologies, including classical and silica/magnetic bead-based nucleic acid extraction, protein precipitation strategies, and fatty acid separation techniques. Furthermore, emerging alternative solutions, including functionalized nanoparticles and ionic liquid-based aqueous biphasic systems, are highlighted as potential strategies to address the challenges associated with low yield and analyte degradation. We also propose cross-disciplinary insights from forensic and archeometric trace analysis, as well as the application of microfluidic devices, which could further enhance the performance of existing GM identification methods. This review not only synthesizes current technological landscapes but also presents a pathway for next-generation pre-treatment protocols, aiming to support accurate, sensitive, and practical GM oil authentication in both regulatory and commercial settings.

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