Insights into the Antimicrobial Potential of Heterocyclic Schiff Bases

Résumé fourni par la source

ABSTRACT Schiff bases are the chemically diverse group of organic compounds containing carbon–nitrogen double bonds (─C═N─), derived from the condensation of aldehydes or ketones with primary amines in solvents such as methanol, ethanol, etc. These compounds emerged as promising candidates due to their diverse chemical structures and biological activities. Antimicrobial drug resistance is a major challenge to deal. In a recent WHO report, the annual death rate directly caused by antimicrobial resistance is predicted to rise to 10 million by 2050. The mechanisms underlying the antimicrobial activity of Schiff bases involve disruption of bacterial cell membranes, inhibition of essential enzymes, and interference with bacterial nucleic acid synthesis. These compounds demonstrate efficacy against a wide range of Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria, including drug‐resistant strains such as methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Combination strategies enhanced antibacterial effects, reduced the development of resistance, and improved therapeutic outcomes. Heterocyclic rings are proven to be the crucial structural motifs to interact with the disease targets as they contain heteroatoms and found to have diverse therapeutic activities. Heterocyclic rings containing Schiff bases are shown to be effective in various strains with good MIC values even in resistant strains. This paper focuses on five‐membered thiazole and pyrazole ring containing Schiff bases and their antibacterial and antifungal activities in various strains and the binding properties of some of the compounds with DNA gyrase as an important target for antimicrobial action.

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