Discovering Best Practices For Managing Solar Hybrid Systems In Rural Malaysian Schools

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Abstract Solar Hybrid Systems (SHS) are a vital energy solution for Malaysian rural schools beyond the national grid. Despite their intended benefits, operational issues, including delayed maintenance and insufficient monitoring, have reduced system effectiveness. This study aims to determine what causes maintenance delays and evaluate how inadequate monitoring affects the performance and reliability of SHS operations. A qualitative research design involved semi-structured interviews with five purposively selected participants: three school representatives, one Public Works Department (PWD) officer, and one Ministry of Education (MOE) program manager. Thematic analysis revealed four key issues: delayed contractor response, inadequate stakeholder coordination, lack of routine monitoring, and insufficient technical capacity at the school level. These limitations impacted operational performance and undermined users’ trust in SHS. As a result, the research proposes the Effective Management Model of Solar Hybrid System (EMMS), which focuses on local capacity development, communication enhancement, and preventive maintenance programs. This model provides valuable insights on how to help SHS be more sustainable and performant. Furthermore, the study contributes to renewable energy discourse by offering location-based knowledge on energy systems optimization in off-grid educational environments. Overall, it informs future policy actions for the resilience of energy infrastructure.

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