Balancing performance and sustainability: a white differential pulse voltammetry method for metformin and empagliflozin in plasma
Le résumé fourni par la source
Simultaneous therapeutic drug monitoring of metformin (MEF) and empagliflozin (EMP) in plasma requires sustainable, white analytical chemistry (WAC) methods. Existing techniques suffer from poor greenness, electrode modification complexity, and limited plasma applicability. White/green differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) method developed using unmodified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Protein precipitation (acetonitrile) from ethically sourced blank human plasma (BUC-IACUCPHA183A/2025). Optimized: phosphate buffer pH 7, 75 mV/s scan rate. Validated per ICH Q2(R1) across linearity, LOD/LOQ, accuracy, precision, specificity (n = 9). Linearity: MEF 20–60 μM (r = 0.997), EMP 10–70 μM (r = 0.997). LODs: 4.38 μM (MEF), 4.15 μM (EMP). Plasma recoveries: 99.4 ± 1.5% (MEF), 100.4 ± 1.4% (EMP), n = 5. Whiteness: 97/100 (RGB-12); greenness: 83/100 (MOGABI) – superior to reported methods. Validated DPV-GCE enables rapid, sustainable MEF/EMP quantification in plasma without modification/chromatography. Proof-of-concept for routine therapeutic monitoring; clinical translation limited by spiked (not patient) samples Metformin and empagliflozin are widely used medicines for treating type 2 diabetes, and measuring their levels in blood is important for research and quality control. Many existing laboratory methods are costly, time-consuming, and require complex equipment. In this study, a simple and environmentally friendly method was developed to measure both drugs at the same time using an electrochemical technique called differential pulse voltammetry. The method uses a standard electrode and requires only a simple protein removal step before analysis. It showed good accuracy, precision, and reliability without interference from normal blood components. The analysis is fast, uses small sample volumes, and requires minimal chemicals. Overall, this approach offers a practical, low-cost, and eco-friendly alternative to traditional analytical methods.
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