Understanding the roles and experiences of mental health peer support workers in England: a qualitative interview study

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BACKGROUND: Peer support roles in mental health services are significantly increasing in the United Kingdom and internationally. However, there is wide variation in these roles and limited research exploring the ways in which Peer Support Workers (PSWs) are currently working. We aimed to explore: 1) the values underpinning the PSW role; 2) the distinctive features of the work that PSWs’ do; and 3) the perceived impact of the PSW role. METHODS: We conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews with paid mental health PSWs working across a range of settings. We took a co-produced, participatory approach: interviews were carried out by researchers with lived experience of mental health conditions and data were analysed using collaborative methods, guided by general principles of thematic analysis. RESULTS: We interviewed 35 PSWs. Overarching themes identified from iterative analysis included: 1) Underpinning values: (i) Recovery is possible: fostering hope, role-modelling and encouraging change, (ii) Mutuality: sharing lived experiences to bring empathy and build connection, (iii) Person-centred approach: adapting ways of working to the individual, (iv) Empowering instead of ‘fixing’ service users. 2) Distinctive features: The centrality of an individualised approach, facilitating recovery through sharing lived experiences and building connection. PSWs advocated for service-user needs and most worked in non-clinical ways, offering holistic, recovery-orientated support. Tensions could arise with more clinical approaches. 3) Impacts: Participants thought that peer support helped service users feel understood, leading to greater openness and facilitating recovery, although some felt that it may not be right for everyone. The role had benefits for participants’ own recovery, although its emotional demands could lead to burnout. Participants felt that PSWs could bring systemic improvements to services and use their lived experience to help teams meet service user needs. CONCLUSION: PSWs work in a range of ways, but, a unifying feature is a flexible, person-centred approach, facilitating recovery through shared lived experience. A range of potential benefits of peer work were identified for PSWs and for service users, as well as reports of positive systemic change. These could be facilitated by recovery-orientated models in services, space for shared learning with PSWs, and flexibility to incorporate PSWs’ unique ways of working. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.

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