COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) hospitalisations associated with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 in Ghana, June 2022 to March 2024

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BACKGROUND: The use of vaccines to urgently respond to the COVID-19 pandemic generated the need for monitoring vaccine effectiveness in the context of new viral variants and changing epidemiology. This study measured the COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE) against laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 in hospitalised patients diagnosed with severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) in Ghana. METHODS: This was a test-negative, case-control study, among patients aged ≥15 years, attending 32 hospitals that participate in influenza surveillance system between June 2022 and March 2024. Naso-and oropharyngeal swabs were tested for SARS-CoV-2 by PCR. Medical and vaccination data were obtained. VE was estimated as one minus adjusted odds of vaccination among participants, expressed as a percentage, and the reference was either unvaccinated cases (absolute VE) or unvaccinated plus those vaccinated >12 months prior to symptom onset (annual VE). RESULTS: Of 1974 SARI patients, 1796 (91%) were enrolled, including 929/1796 males (52%) and 867/1796 females (48%); 41% were above 60 years old. At least one chronic medical condition was reported in 167/1796 (9%) participants. A total of 118/1796 (7%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, of whom 29 (25%) have received at least one dose of vaccine (Sputnik V, Vaxzevria, JCovden, or Comirnaty). Of the 1678 (93%) who tested negative for SARS-CoV-2, 412 (25%) received at least one dose of vaccine. Among pregnant women (n = 50), 5 (10%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 Absolute and annual VE against COVID-19 SARI hospitalization were respectively 22% (95% CI, -107-70) and 19% (95% CI, -113%-50%) for last dose of vaccine received up to 179 days prior but waned after 6 months. CONCLUSION: COVID-19 vaccines may have prevented COVID-19-associated SARI hospitalizations in the first 6 months over the study period in Ghana, and a pattern of protective effective was observed, consistent with report from other settings, although effect estimates were imprecise.

Ce résumé expose les affirmations des auteurs. BNTIC ne l’interprète pas comme une validation indépendante des résultats.