New Validated Staging System for Light Chain (AL) Amyloidosis With Stage IIIC Defining Ultra-Poor Risk: AL International Staging System
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Purpose: Outcomes in systemic light chain (AL) amyloidosis have improved with modern therapy limiting utility of existing risk stratification models. We validate a new staging system, incorporating longitudinal strain (LS) to the biomarker-based (NT-proBNP and Troponin-T) staging system in the contemporary treatment era (2015-2024). Methods: AL International Staging System (AL-ISS) was derived from a cohort of patients with AL amyloidosis from the UK National Amyloidosis Centre (2015-2019). The model was validated in patient cohorts from Europe (Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, and Switzerland), the United States (2015-2024), and the United Kingdom (2020-2024). Results: In total, 2,493 patients were included (derivation, n = 573; validation n = 1,920). In a multivariable model for the derivation cohort, LS ≥ -9% and cardiac biomarkers at previously validated thresholds (NT-proBNP 332 ng/L and 8,500 ng/L and high-sensitivity troponin T ≥ 50 ng/L) were independent poor prognostic factors stratifying patients into stages I, II, IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC. In the validation cohort, the patient stages were stage I: 317 (17%), II: 782 (41%), IIIA: 551 (29%), IIIB: 174 (9%), and IIIC: 96 (5%), respectively (first-line daratumumab treated: 826; 43%). With a median follow-up of 34 months, median overall survival (OS) was not reached (NR); estimated 1-year, 2-year, and 3-year OS was 82%, 74%, and 70% respectively. The median survival for stages I to II, IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC were NR, 67, 26, and 7 months (1-year OS IIIC 53% v 68% for IIIB in the daratumumab-treated patients), respectively (P < .001). External validation exhibited good predictive performance: 12-month calibration slope was 1.09, Harrell C 0.69, Royston D 1.19, and R$^{2}$D 0.25. Stage IIIC independently discriminated the poorest outcome across all cohorts. Conclusion: This defines and validates a new staging system from systemic AL amyloidosis with robust identification of an ultra-poor risk stage (IIIC) in contemporarily treated patients.
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