Association Between Vitamin D Status and Early Pregnancy Loss: A Hospital-Based Analytical Study

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Background: Early pregnancy loss remains a common obstetric outcome, and growing evidence indicates that maternal vitamin D deficiency may adversely affect implantation, placental development, and immune regulation. Objective: To determine the association between maternal vitamin D status and early pregnancy loss and to analyze demographic, nutritional, and lifestyle variables influencing this association. Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional comparative study was conducted from July 2022 to June 2024 at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Rajshahi Medical College Hospital. A total of 124 women were enrolled, including 62 with early pregnancy loss and 62 with normal first-trimester pregnancies. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were measured using an auto-analyzer. Demographic, dietary, sun-exposure, and supplementation variables were analyzed using inferential statistics. Results: Mean serum vitamin D concentration was significantly lower in women with early pregnancy loss compared to controls (18.6 ± 6.9 vs. 26.8 ± 8.1 ng/mL; p < 0.001). Vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL) was observed in 72.6% of cases versus 38.7% of controls, while severe deficiency was markedly higher among cases (22.6% vs. 3.2%; p < 0.001). Women with pregnancy loss also demonstrated higher mean BMI (27.1 ± 3.4 vs. 24.6 ± 3.1 kg/m²; p = 0.001), reduced daily sun exposure (21.4 ± 9.6 vs. 38.7 ± 12.3 minutes; p < 0.001), and lower dietary calcium intake (p = 0.018). Multivariable logistic regression revealed vitamin D deficiency as an independent predictor of early pregnancy loss (adjusted OR = 2.84; 95% CI: 1.42–5.68; p = 0.003). Conclusion: Maternal vitamin D deficiency shows a strong, independent association with early pregnancy loss, highlighting the importance of early screening and targeted nutritional interventions during early gestation.

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