Impact of Organic and Inorganic Feeding Management on Water Quality, Growth Performance and Plankton Communities in Pond‐Based Polyculture of Major and Chinese Carp Species

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ABSTRACT The current study assessed the impact of organic and inorganic feeding management on water quality, growth performance and plankton communities in a pond‐based polyculture system over 9 months, using three treatments: Ctrl (C), organic feeding (T1) and inorganic feeding (T2). Significant differences were observed in electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS), with inorganic feeding showing the highest EC (1719.95 ± 41.05 µS/cm, p = 0.0017) and TDS (884.80 ± 4.90 mg/L, p = 0.0122), while other water parameters such as DO, pH and temperature showed no significant variation ( p > 0.05). In terms of growth, grass carp in organic feeding showed the highest weight gain (1264.0 ± 5.0 g) and specific growth rate (2.31 ± 0.01%/day), significantly higher than inorganic feeding (1089.4 ± 1.6 g, p < 0.0001). The overall gross yield was also highest in organic feeding (238,506.5 ± 29,668.4 g/ha, p < 0.0001). Phytoplankton and zooplankton diversity and abundance were significantly greater in organic feeding, with total densities of 31,224.0 ± 145.0 and 16,485.0 ± 524.0 cells/mL, respectively ( p < 0.001). Proximate composition revealed significant improvements in organic feeding fish for protein (e.g., grass carp: 22.19 ± 0.79%, p < 0.0001), fat, ash and moisture content. Organoleptic evaluation also favored organic feeding, showing significantly better texture (8.16 ± 0.22), flavour (8.43 ± 0.26) and overall acceptability (8.01 ± 0.20) compared to organic and inorganic feeding management ( p < 0.0001). These findings suggest that organic feeding management (organic feeding) improves water quality (excluding EC and TDS), enhances fish growth, promotes richer plankton communities and improves fish nutrition.

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