A “Valley” in Heliospheric Energetic Particle Intensities and Implications for a New Horizons Encounter with the Solar Wind Termination Shock

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Abstract We analyze ∼40–200 keV energetic particle observations from the Pluto Energetic Particle Spectrometer Science Investigation (PEPSSI) on board the New Horizons (NH) spacecraft from 2007 to 2024 and compare them with similar measurements from the Low Energy Charged Particle experiments on the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 spacecraft when they were at comparable heliocentric distances (5–60 au). In both Voyager data sets, particle intensities generally decrease with increasing radial distance from the Sun, reaching a minimum in the outer heliosphere before rising again prior to their respective encounters with the heliospheric termination shock (TS). This radial behavior in the intensity-time profiles is described as a heliospheric valley. The NH/PEPSSI time series from 5 au (2007) to 60 au (2024) exhibits a similar decrease in particle fluxes with distance. Analysis of the radial dependence of energetic particle intensities from all three spacecraft normalized by observations at 1 au to account for the solar cycle effects reveals an approximate piece-wise composite power-law relationship, with a slope break (steeper decline) beyond ∼33 au. This break may reflect differences in the dominant transport and acceleration mechanisms operating in the two regions demarcated by this radial break. In addition, a radial scaling method is applied to Voyager observations to best match the NH data. This comparison provides an estimate for the NH TS crossing between 2027 (68 au) and 2034 (83 au).

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