Evaluating Physicochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Farm-Fresh and Branded Honey From Bangladesh Using UHPLC-DAD and Multivariate Analysis

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BACKGROUND: The market demand of honey in Bangladesh is rising day by day, but there are concerns about the quality of both the farm-fresh and the branded honey that are available in the market. OBJECTIVES: This study evaluates the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of farm-fresh and branded honey from the Bangladeshi market. METHODS: The moisture content (MC) and total soluble solid (°Bx) were determined by refractometer; the electrical conductivity (EC) was determined by digital conductivity meter; total phenol (TP), total flavonoid (TF), and HMF were measured by Folin-Ciocalteu, aluminum chloride, and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (UHPLC-DAD), respectively; and antioxidant capacity was assessed by 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method. RESULTS: The results revealed that farm-fresh honey samples exhibited greater content of moisture (>20%), (329.63 ± 1.63 to 986.05 ± 4.81 mg GAE/kg), total flavonoid (95.09 ± 4.99 to 454.73 ± 2.45 mg QE/kg), and antioxidant capacity (IC50 value of DPPH, 47.91 ± 0.19 to 73.66 ± 0.30 mg/mL) compared to branded honey samples (P < 0.05). The HMF amount varied from 0.82 ± 0.00 to 241.24 ± 2.41 (mg/kg), with 42% of branded honey samples exceeding both the Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (BSTI) and Codex Alimentarius standard limit (80 mg/kg), whereas all farm-fresh honey samples were within the acceptable limit. In multivariate analysis, the principal component (PC1 & PC2) analysis explains 81.30% of the total variance. CONCLUSIONS: Based on compliance with BSTI and Codex HMF limit, farm-fresh honey samples met the acceptable HMF threshold, whereas 42% of branded honey exceeded the standard limit. HIGHLIGHTS: In total, 45 honey samples (farm-fresh, national, international) were analyzed for physicochemical parameters. Farm-fresh honey exhibited higher moisture, phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity; 42% of branded honeys exceeded HMF standard limits (BSTI and Codex). All farm-fresh samples were within the permissible limit.

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