The impact of environmental exposures on DNA methylation in the EXPANSE project

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Background Living in an urban environment exposes the population to a mix of environmental and social factors, known as the Urban Exposome, that can influence health via changes in DNA methylation. We hypothesised that linking urban exposures with epigenome-wide DNA methylation in blood can reveal impacts across the lifespan. Methods In the EXPANSE project, we conducted an inverse variance-weighted meta-analysis of epigenome-wide association studies of seven European cohorts. Urban exposures were estimated at participants' home addresses and included air pollution (PM2.5, NO 2 , O 3 ), light at night, modified soil-adjusted vegetation index, and urbanicity. Findings DNA methylation was measured in blood samples from 1778 children (4–10 years), 878 adolescents (16 years), and 5975 adults (18–87 years). PM2.5, NO 2 , and greenness were associated with methylation differences in children, while greenness and urbanicity showed associations in adults. Regional analyses showed differentially methylated regions (DMRs) across all life stages. Pathway analysis showed that monthly NO 2 in children was linked to immune and infectious disease pathways, whereas adult urbanicity was associated with immune pathways as well as PD-L1 expression and the PD-1 checkpoint pathway in cancer. Interpretation Urban environmental factors induce DNA methylation changes across life stages, with stronger associations in young children and adults. We observed a distinct contrast in the methylation changes associated with greenness compared to other urban environmental factors. However, disentangling exposure-specific methylome signatures remains a challenge. Funding This work was supported by the EXPANSE project, funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 874627.

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