Problematic Smartphone Use: An Overlooked Trigger for Oculomotor Strain, Cervical Disability, and Headache in Medical Students

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Objectives: Problematic smartphone use (PSU) is widespread among medical students and might be associated with visual, musculoskeletal, and neurological complaints. In this study, we investigated the relationship between PSU and oculomotor strain, cervical disability, and the impact of headaches. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted through a cross-sectional survey among 498 medical students in Lahore, Pakistan. PSU was assessed using the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV), oculomotor strain with the Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire (CVS-Q), cervical disability with the Neck Disability Index (NDI), and headache impact using the HIT-6. Data were assessed using Pearson's correlations, t-test, ANOVA, and multivariate regression in SPSS v.26. Results: The average SAS-SV score was 32.1 ± 4.9. PSU was associated with CVS (r = 0.229), NDI (r = 0.147), and HIT-6 (r = 0.088). Scores for all measures were higher among female students (p < 0.001). The youngest students presented with higher PSU; the CVS was more intense in 21-23 years of age, and older students had a greater cervical disability. Predictors of CVS, cervical disability, and headache impact were PSU, gender (female), younger age, low physical activity status, and comorbidities according to the regression models. Conclusion: PSU is associated with increased oculomotor strain, neck disability, and headache burden in medical students, especially for females, younger-aged students, and those having low activity or comorbidities. Preventive strategies that promote digital well-being and healthy behaviours are advised.

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