Wakefield Excitation in Carbon Nanotubes: An Extended Hydrodynamic Model

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As charged particles traverse carbon nanotubes, they can trigger collective oscillations within the electron gas trapped inside the graphene-based cylindrical structures that form the nanotube walls. Such collective modes, referred to as plasmonic excitations, have garnered significant attention as a feasible mechanism for enabling particle acceleration across sub-millimeter scales with exceptionally high field gradients. This innovative concept could significantly transform acceleration technologies, paving the way for groundbreaking advancements across high-energy physics and its allied disciplines. In this work, we use an extended hydrodynamic model that, in contrast to conventional formulations, incorporates distinct restoring frequencies for and electrons, thereby capturing the harmonic binding-induced restoring forces acting on the electron fluid displacement. This approach provides a more realistic description of the collective electron behaviour, as it yields dispersion relations that closely resemble those obtained experimentally. Analytical expressions for the induced longitudinal and transverse wakefields are obtained, revealing their intrinsic link to the resonant modes governed by the system’s dispersion characteristics. The impact of critical model variables, including particle speed, nanotube radius, and friction coefficient on the wakefields, is examined, comparing these findings with those from the conventional hydrodynamic model.

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