CO 2 emission efficiency evaluation and improvement from the perspective of non-uniqueness of equilibrium efficient frontier: evidence from China

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Accurately evaluating CO2 emission efficiency is crucial for capturing regional carbon emission levels and formulating effective reduction policies. Existing studies have typically analyzed CO2 emission efficiency under a single equilibrium efficient frontier (EEF). In this study, we propose an improved generalized EEF data envelopment analysis (GEEFDEA) method to explore CO2 emission efficiency across all feasible EEFs and propose targeted efficiency improvement paths. The improved GEEFDEA approach addresses the nonuniqueness of the resulting EEF in prior studies and strengthens the reliability and robustness of results. Additionally, it provides rich evaluation information and guarantees comprehensive conclusions. The empirical application of 30 provincial regions in China for 2022 indicate that: (1) In nearly half of the provinces, the maximum CO2 emission efficiency is below 1, with eastern provinces performing better; (2) The carbon efficiency and rank of each province vary across different EEFs, underscoring the importance of considering all EEFs; (3) Provinces can achieve their best rank either by making substantial CO2 emission adjustments in one step or through gradual changes, depending on its practical production. The findings of this paper provide a robust theoretical and empirical foundation for accurately measuring and improving CO2 emission efficiency.

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