Load Frequency Control for a Two-Area Power System with Time Delay Using RT-OPAL for Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation

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This paper conducts an in-depth study of the interconnection of energy areas with respect to maintaining a constant frequency under load variation, focusing specifically on load frequency control (LFC). The study begins with a benchmark to further examine the impact of propagation delays in the reference signals of energy area controllers. The proposed solution to address delays caused by the spatial distribution of these controllers within energy areas is a proportional-integral-retarded (PIR) controller. The parameters of the controllers are tuned using the Brown Bear Optimization (BBO) algorithm. A comparative study of the superior performance and efficiency of PIR controllers in counteracting delays was conducted by implementing benchmark models in MATLAB/Simulink at the software-in-the-loop (SIL) level and in a real-time scenario at the hardware-in-the-loop simulation (HIL-S) level using an OP AL-RT OP4512 platform.

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