Biological Control Properties of Two Strains of Priestia megaterium Isolated from Tar Spots in Maize Leaves

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Priestia megaterium is a maize endophyte that may help the plant defend itself against bacterial and fungal pathogens. This study aimed to identify antimicrobials produced by two P. megaterium endophytes (FS10 and FS11) from maize and determine if seed coating with either strain could increase resistance to pathogens. Volatiles emitted by both isolates reduced the hyphal growth of fungi by 17–76%. Gas chromatography analysis found that each strain emitted isovaleric acid (IVA) and 3-methyl-1-butanol (3MB). Volatiles produced by each isolate inhibited bacterial growth, especially Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. michiganensis (Cmm). IVA killed all Cmm cells at 208 µL L−1, while 3MB inhibited Cmm growth by 51% at 208 µL L−1. Diluted cell-free extracts from FS10 and FS11 cultures stopped growth of Cmm, Erwinia amylovora and Ustilago maydis but did not arrest growth of Fusarium verticillioides. The treatment of corn seeds with FS10 or FS11 reduced leaf damage by 38–84% in young plants caused by Bipolaris maydis, Colletotrichum graminicola (Ces.) G.W. Wilson 1914, Exserohilum turcicum and Pythium sylvaticum. FS10 and FS11 isolates exuded volatile and soluble compounds that were more effective in slowing growth of bacteria than fungi. It is likely that corn seed treatment with FS10 and FS11 triggers induced systemic resistance, which mitigates leaf damage caused by maize pathogens.

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