Diet, Physical Activity, and Sleep Assessment: A Portfolio Scoping Review of Measures in NIH-Funded Epidemiologic Studies

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Introduction: Diet, physical activity, and sleep are behaviors occurring at regular intervals over the 24-hour period. To better understand how they interact and impact the etiology and prevention of chronic diseases, studies are needed that collect data on all 3 behaviors. This scoping review of the authors' portfolio aimed to identify cohort and interventional studies funded by the National Cancer Institute; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases that collected measures on all 3 behaviors, on 2 behaviors to better understand existing gaps, and on those with data across a 24-hour period (temporal data). Methods: Cohorts receiving National Cancer Institute funding; studies identified in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute National Sleep Research Resource and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Central Repository; and active National Cancer Institute, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases intervention grants in Fiscal Years 2021-2022 were reviewed. Data were collected from 2021 to 2022 and analyzed from 2022 to 2023. Results: Twenty-nine cohort and 47 interventional studies collected data on all 3 behaviors, of which 3 cohorts and 20 interventions collected temporal data. Forty-two cohort and 160 interventional studies collected data on 2 behaviors, of which 3 cohorts and 50 interventions collected temporal data; sleep data were most commonly missing. The most common temporal measures were 24-hour dietary recalls and actigraphy. Conclusions: Efforts to promote the collection of temporal data on all 3 behaviors simultaneously can support innovative research questions and analytic approaches focused on their interrelationships across the 24-hour period and health outcomes among various populations. Such efforts can inform tailored interventions and precision health research.

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