Phosphorus–Hard Carbon Composite Anodes for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries

Le résumé fourni par la source

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) present a promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries for large-scale energy storage, owing to the abundance of sodium resources and lower cost. However, the commonly used anode material, hard carbon (HC), limits volumetric energy density due to its porous structure and low density. Red phosphorus (P), with its high theoretical volumetric capacity (∼6000 mAh cm –3 ), is a compelling alternative but suffers from severe volume expansion and poor electronic conductivity. In this study, we investigated the potential of composite electrodes by blending red P with commercial HC to harness the complementary advantages of both materials. To optimize red P electrodes, SWCNT conductive additives, a PAANa binder, and carbonate-based electrolytes with an FEC additive were initially employed. Following this, a systematic investigation was conducted into different blending methods, specifically mechanical blending and physical vapor deposition (PVD). PVD significantly improved the uniformity and cycling stability of P/HC blends. Blending 5 wt% P via PVD enhanced specific capacity from ∼300 mAh g –1 (pure HC) to ∼420 mAh g –1 , maintaining excellent cycling stability over 100 cycles. These findings provide valuable guidance for developing high-capacity, stable SIB anodes and lay the groundwork for further optimization of P/HC composites.

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